Description of the Twenty
Illustrations of the Manufacture of Porcelain

By Tang Ying, Director of the Imperial Factory at Jingdechen,
in obedience to an Imperial edict... (1743)

12. Fashioning and Painting of Vases

"The general category known as cho ch'i includes many forms of vases and sacrificial vessels, such as square, round, ribbed, and vessels with pronounced angles.

There are various styles of decoration including painting in colored enamels and carving in openwork.

When reproducing forms from antiquity, artistic models must be followed. In new designs, there is an inexhaustible source of inspiration to draw from.

In porcelain decoration, correct principles should be followed; Designs should be taken from the patterns of ancient brocades and embroidery, colors should be inspired by the view of a spring garden seen from a pavilion.

There is an abundance of Guan (Imperial) Ge, Ru, Ding, and Jun* wares readily available to be copied. The five elements, water, fire, wood, metal, and earth provide an endless supply of material for creating new and beautiful combinations.

Natural objects are modeled, formed in molds, and painted in appropriate colors. The raw materials of the potter's craft come from forests and streams, and ornamental themes are in the same way drawn from nature.

Sacrificial wine vessels such as zun and lei are of equal importance. Censers, modeled after ancient bronze forms such as yi and ding, emit flames of brilliant color.

In addition to ancient earthenware drums (wa fou), many types of musical pipes are now produced.

Through the skillful use of the brush, painters preserve works of artistic ingenuity on porcelain. "

*) The names of the Five Great Kilns (Wu Da Ming Yao) of China's Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), famous for their highly prized ceramics; Guan (Imperial), Ge, Ru, Ding, and Jun represent styles like delicate celadons, crackled glazes, and ivory-white wares, often made for the court.

Page credit and sources
This page is based on an English translation by S. W. Bushell, first published in 1899, of a Chinese text compiled under imperial command in 1743. The author was Tang Ying, the superintendent of imperial porcelain production in Jiangxi. The text has been widely reprinted in later literature. The version generally regarded as the most authoritative is preserved in the Provincial Annals of Jiangxi (Jiangxi tongzhi), Book 93, folios 19 to 23. An earlier draft appears to have been written around 1735. In 1743, the text was incorporated into a set described as the “Twenty Illustrations of the Manufacture of Porcelain,” compiled under imperial auspices. The original illustrations associated with this set have not been securely identified. The present page is edited to more modern language in 2025, and illustrated with photographs taken on site in Jingdezhen in 1991 and 1992, by Jan-Erik Nilsson