Description of the Twenty
Illustrations of the Manufacture of Porcelain

By Tang Ying, Director of the Imperial Factory at Jingdechen,
in obedience to an Imperial edict... (1743)

20. Worshipping the God and offering Sacrifice

"Jingdezhen, situated within the jurisdiction of Foliang Hsien, is only some ten or more li in circuit, surrounded by mountains and rivers, so as to form, as it were, an island, yet on account of its porcelain production merchants throng to it from all quarters.

The private kilns, between two and three hundred in number, exhibit a constant succession of flames and smoke the whole year round, and give employment to not less than several hundreds of thousands of workmen and assistants. The porcelain industry gives subsistence to an immense number of people whose life hangs on the success or failure of the furnace fires, and they are all devout in worship and sacrifice.

Their god, named T'ung, was once himself a potter, a native of the place. Formerly, during the Ming dynasty, when they were making the large dragon fish bowls, they failed in the firing year after year, although the eunuchs in charge inflicted the most severe punishments, and the potters were in bitter trouble.

Then it was that one of them, throwing away his life for the rest, leaped into the midst of the furnace, whereupon the dragon bowls came out perfect.

His fellow-workmen, pitying him and marveling, built a temple within the precincts of the imperial manufactory, and worshiped him there under the title of Genius of Fire and Blast.

Down to the present day the fame of the miracle is cherished, and the potters continue to worship him, not a day passing without reverential sacrificial offerings. Theatrical shows are also instituted in his honor, during which crowds of people fill the temple grounds. He is worshiped here as the tutelary gods of agriculture and land are in other parts of the empire."

Page credit and sources
This page is based on an English translation by S. W. Bushell, first published in 1899, of a Chinese text compiled under imperial command in 1743. The author was Tang Ying, the superintendent of imperial porcelain production in Jiangxi. The text has been widely reprinted in later literature. The version generally regarded as the most authoritative is preserved in the Provincial Annals of Jiangxi (Jiangxi tongzhi), Book 93, folios 19 to 23. An earlier draft appears to have been written around 1735. In 1743, the text was incorporated into a set described as the “Twenty Illustrations of the Manufacture of Porcelain,” compiled under imperial auspices. The original illustrations associated with this set have not been securely identified. The present page is edited to more modern language in 2025, and illustrated with photographs taken on site in Jingdezhen in 1991 and 1992, by Jan-Erik Nilsson